MY UNDERSTANDING ON PROGRAMMING SESSION DAY 2 :

Deep Dive into Operators, Language Types, and Programming History**

✅ 1. In Java: & vs && — What’s the Difference?

// Bitwise
int a = 5;  // 0101
int b = 3;  // 0011
System.out.println(a & b); // 0001 → 1

// Logical
if (a > 0 && b < 10) {
   System.out.println("Valid range");
}

✅ 2. Operators in Java vs Python

✅ 3. Compare Operators in Java, Python, JS, C++

✅ 4. What is Floor Division?

Floor Division (//) gives the largest integer less than or equal to the division result.

7 // 2 = 3  (not 3.5)

✅ 5. Why Is It Called "Floor" Division?

Because it "rounds down" the result to the nearest lower whole number — it applies the mathematical floor function.

✅ 6. Power in Python: / vs // vs **

Other languages:

• Java: Math.pow(2, 3)
• JS: 2 ** 3
• C++: pow(2, 3)

✅ 7. Why Python is Dynamically Typed?

• No need to declare type.

x = 10  # x is int
x = "hi"  # now x is string

🟢 Python assigns data type at runtime, based on the value.

✅ 8. Why Java is Statically Typed?

• You must declare type at compile time.

int x = 10;
x = "hi";  // ❌ Error

🛑 Java checks types during compile time.

🔄 Examples of Dynamic vs Static Languages

✅ 9. Why No ++ or -- in Python?

Because Python prefers readable and clear syntax:

x += 1  # instead of x++

Also, x++ has side effects and order issues in many languages.

✅ 10. Number of Keywords in Major Languages

📨 Why is it Called "Hotmail"? Who Founded It?

• Hotmail was founded by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith in 1996.
• Name idea: included "HTML" in the name → HoTMaiL.
• It was one of the first web-based email services.

🖥️ First Generation Computers

📉 Then vs Now:

• Now: <1kg laptops & smartphones.
• 1000x faster, 1000x smaller.

✉️ Origins of Email

• Invented by Ray Tomlinson in 1971
• Used @ symbol to separate username and host.
• First message was sent between two computers side-by-side.

🖥️ Origins of Computers

• Charles Babbage is the "Father of the Computer".
• Designed the Analytical Engine (1830s)
• First working computer: ENIAC (1945)

🔤 Origins of Programming Languages

🧠 What is Machine Language?

• Lowest-level language (binary)
• Written in 0s and 1s
• Directly executed by CPU

🛠️ What is Assembly Language?

• Low-level, human-readable instructions
• Uses mnemonics like MOV, ADD, SUB
• Each assembly line maps to machine code

🧟‍♂️ What is Dead Code?

• Code that will never be executed.
• No effect on program output.

Example:

if (false) {
   System.out.println("Dead code");
}

❌ When Will You Get Error with =, ==, ===, equals()?

🛑 In Python:

if x = 5:  # ❌ Error: assignment in if

✅ Use == in Python for comparison.

if you have any doubts or any changes on this please comment below .