PROGRAMMING 1- STATEMENTS & OPERATORS

Absolutely! Let’s dive deep into programming statements in Java and Python, side-by-side. I’ll explain each type of statement with examples, compare syntax, and highlight similarities and differences.

🧠 What is a statement?

In programming, a statement is a single instruction that performs an action — like declaring a variable, calling a function, or performing a loop.

📋 Types of Programming Statements

🔹 1. Variable Declaration & Assignment

✅ Java

int a = 10;
String name = "Alice";

🐍 Python

a = 10
name = "Alice"

Key Differences:

• Java requires type declaration (int, String).
• Python uses dynamic typing — no type needed.

🔹 2. Conditional Statements (if, else if, else)

✅ Java

int x = 7;
if (x > 10) {
    System.out.println("Large");
} else if (x > 5) {
    System.out.println("Medium");
} else {
    System.out.println("Small");
}

🐍 Python

x = 7
if x > 10:
    print("Large")
elif x > 5:
    print("Medium")
else:
    print("Small")

Key Differences:

• Java uses else if; Python uses elif.
• Java uses () and {}; Python uses indentation and :.

🔹 3. Loops

✅ Java for

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    System.out.println(i);
}

🐍 Python for

for i in range(5):
    print(i)

✅ Java while

int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
    System.out.println(i);
    i++;
}

🐍 Python while

i = 0
while i < 5:
    print(i)
    i += 1

Key Differences:

• Java uses ; and braces.
• Python is more concise with indentation.

🔹 4. Function / Method Definitions

✅ Java

public static void greet(String name) {
    System.out.println("Hello, " + name);
}

🐍 Python

def greet(name):
    print("Hello, " + name)

Key Differences:

• Java needs return type and access modifiers (public static void).
• Python is simpler and more readable.

🔹 5. Return Statement

✅ Java

int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

🐍 Python

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

🔹 6. Exception Handling

✅ Java

try {
    int x = 5 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
    System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero");
}

🐍 Python

try:
    x = 5 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Cannot divide by zero")

Key Differences:

• Java requires specifying exception type in catch.
• Python uses except.

🔹 7. Import Statements

✅ Java

import java.util.Scanner;

🐍 Python

import math
from math import sqrt

🔹 8. Switch Statements

✅ Java

int day = 2;
switch (day) {
    case 1: System.out.println("Mon"); break;
    case 2: System.out.println("Tue"); break;
    default: System.out.println("Unknown");
}

🐍 Python (using match from Python 3.10+)

day = 2
match day:
    case 1: print("Mon")
    case 2: print("Tue")
    case _: print("Unknown")

✅ Summary Table

Great question! Let's dive into the types of operators in both Java and Python — these are essential tools in any programming language. Operators allow us to perform operations on variables and values like math, comparison, and logic.

💡 What Are Operators?

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler or interpreter to perform specific mathematical, relational, or logical operations.

✅ Operator Types in Java & Python

🔢 1. Arithmetic Operators

📝 2. Assignment Operators

⚖️ 3. Comparison (Relational) Operators

🔗 4. Logical Operators

✅ Java:

🐍 Python:

🧮 5. Bitwise Operators

✅ Java and Python both support these, though Java uses them more commonly for low-level tasks.

🎯 6. Unary Operators

❓ 7. Ternary (Conditional) Operator

✅ Java:

int a = 5;
String result = (a > 0) ? "Positive" : "Negative";

🐍 Python:

a = 5
result = "Positive" if a > 0 else "Negative"

🧪 8. Type and Identity

✅ Java

if (obj instanceof String) { ... }

🐍 Python

if isinstance(obj, str): ...

Also in Python:

if a is b:     # checks memory address

🔎 9. Membership Operators (Python Only)

📌 Summary Table of Operators